Wednesday, March 11, 2015
Are Black Holes Hollow?
We have long observed that matter attracts matter. Setting aside electrostatic attractions and magnetism, there remains an attractive force that causes an apple to fall toward the center of our planet and holds our planet in a nearly circular path as it orbits the Sun at 66,000 miles per hour. We have described this mysterious force in great detail but haven't explained it. To measure this force, and to create a unit we can use to compare the attractive force generated by various concentrations of matter, we created a mental construct we call mass. We establish the value of our construct by observing relative motions created by the attractive forces of various massive objects. A small object is accelerated toward the earth at 32 feet per second per second, and orbital velocities and distances are used to estimate the stable acceleration of large orbiting objects like planets and moons. Until recently this relationship between a concentration of matter seemed absolute. Without matter there could be no gravity and matter could not exist without producing gravity. This absolute relationship is explained by assuming that mass warps the space surrounding it and further it warps time. As if this isn't confusing enough, we have extended our concept of mass to any accelerating force resulting in mass becoming, not a weight, but a potential energy dependent upon position and motion.
We could rename mass, "the potential energy of separation" or,
when mass is in contact without relative motion,
"the pressure energy of contact"
These alternate descriptions are in concert with measurements and descriptions currently associated with our construct, "mass", and are only an alternate view of the same mysterious force tending to draw everything in the universe back together into one big, or very small, clump.
Recently we used our advanced capability to calculate orbits and mass, to measure the revolutions of whole galaxies and found, that either our math or our understanding of matter and mass was wrong. Unwilling to give up current long proven scientific assumptions we concluded that there must be an enormous amount of invisible mass creating enough gravity to explain the observed anomalies and, "dark matter" was added to our conceptual repertoire. An easier explanation would have been welcomed but using new telescopes to observe the bending of light from distant objects, the presence of dark matter seems confirmed. But have we really described gravitational effects accurately?
Newton was the first to describe gravity in mathematical terms by inventing the calculus, and in between a detailed examination of the Bible in an attempt to calculate the exact date the world would end, he also developed formulae to describe gravitational effects under special conditions. One of these conditions was gravity in and on a massive hollow sphere. On the surface of the sphere gravity attracts toward the sphere's center, but inside the sphere, on its inner surface or anywhere else inside, there is zero gravity. The formula is simple and can be found on the Internet.
Another curious effect arises from gravity's pressure energy of contact. On the surface of a massive solid sphere gravity attracts all things toward the sphere's center, but inside, if mass is distributed equally, matter near the surface is attracted by all of the matter below extending to the other side of the sphere, but as one measures pressure deeper in the sphere, the matter above begins to have an upward attraction and there being less matter extending to the other side the attraction toward the center is decreased. The mass above and below continue to increase and decrease until we reach the center of the sphere where they are equal and at zero gravity the pressure energy created by zero gravity also becomes zero. From this perspective the highest pressure energy occurs, not at the center of the solid sphere, but at about 2/3 of the way from the surface to the center. This disparity from the assumption that gravity increases from the surface of a massive spherical, or disk shaped object, at a constant rate from the surface, or rim, to the center raises questions about conditions at the center of planets, stars, black holes and the rotational integrity of galaxies. Galaxies may be more stable than thought, and black holes, surrounded by massively compressed shells, may be hollow and the paradox of black hole evaporation from the event horizon may be answered if the black hole also has an inner event horizon and acts as a secure vault for
antimatter as matter evaporates outward and antimatter evaporates inward. In the matter of black holes, quantum theory and relativity may be reconciled if black holes have hair on both sides of their event horizons.
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